Final answer:
Hostile aggression refers to acts driven by anger intended to cause pain, whereas instrumental aggression is goal-oriented, lacking intent to cause pain. The multiple-choice question's correct answer is b. hostile; instrumental.
Step-by-step explanation:
When aggression stems from feelings of anger it is called hostile aggression, and when it is a means to achieve some goal it is called instrumental aggression. The correct answer to the multiple choice question is b. hostile; instrumental.
Hostile aggression is characterized by actions that are motivated by anger and the intent to cause pain. An instance of this would be getting into a fight because someone insulted you. Instrumental aggression, on the other hand, is more about achieving a specific aim and does not necessarily have the intention to cause pain. This can include acts such as a hired assassin carrying out an assassination, as their ultimate goal is not to harm but rather to fulfill a contract.