Final answer:
The statement 'it is allowed by the Fourth Amendment' about racial profiling is not true. Racial profiling is not permitted under the Fourth Amendment, which protects against unreasonable searches based on race or ethnicity.
Step-by-step explanation:
The statement that is not true about racial profiling is c. it is allowed by the Fourth Amendment. The Fourth Amendment protects individuals from unreasonable searches and seizures, which has been interpreted as prohibiting practices such as racial profiling. Racial profiling is the unjust use of an individual's race or ethnicity as a primary factor in deciding whether to engage in law enforcement action. Terry v. Ohio established that police must have reasonable suspicion of criminal activity to stop and frisk an individual, which should not be solely based on their race.
Racial profiling can occur in many situations, including traffic stops and neighborhood patrols, and has been shown to result in discriminatory practices against marginalized groups. For instance, Black and Hispanic individuals have been reported to be disproportionately targeted in what has been termed Driving While Black (DWB) or Driving While Brown. Moreover, stop-and-frisk laws have been controversial due to their perceived encouragement of racial profiling. Critics argue that such laws give too much latitude to law enforcement officers, thereby potentially leading to discrimination based on race or ethnicity.