Final answer:
Neurons transmit nerve impulses and are supported by glial cells. These cells are critical for communication in the nervous system, affecting sensations, movements, and thoughts.
Step-by-step explanation:
The major function of a neuron, the basic functional unit of the nervous system, is to transmit nerve impulses or signals throughout the body. These electrically excitable cells are essential for communication within the nervous system. Neurons are the only cell type in the human body capable of this function, making them vital for sensory perception, muscle movement, and thought processes. Glial cells, or glia, are the supporting cells that nourish, protect, and provide structure for neurons, helping to maintain the extensive network necessary for neural communication.
Each neuron is composed of the cell body which contains the nucleus, dendrites for receiving signals, and an axon for sending signals. Some axons are wrapped in a myelin sheath produced by glial cells, which speeds up signal transmission. The precise functioning of neurons and their interaction with glial cells are crucial for all nervous system activities, from simple reflexes to complex behaviors.