Final answer:
The DSM-5 alternative system for diagnosing personality disorders focuses on two key areas: Self Functioning (covering identity and self-direction) and Interpersonal Functioning (encompassing empathy and intimacy), providing a nuanced approach to understanding personality dysfunctions.
Step-by-step explanation:
The DSM-5 alternative model for personality disorders includes key areas related to personal and interpersonal functioning. The first area involves Self Functioning, which encompasses identity and self-direction. Identity pertains to one's experience of oneself as unique, with clear boundaries between self and others, stability in self-esteem and accuracy of self-assessment. Self-direction involves the pursuit of coherent and meaningful short-term and life goals, the utilization of constructive and prosocial internal standards, and the ability to form effective strategies to achieve one's goals.
The second area is Interpersonal Functioning, which includes empathy and intimacy. Empathy refers to the comprehension and appreciation of others' experiences and motivations, and the ability to tolerate different perspectives. Intimacy is concerned with the depth and duration of connections with others, a desire for closeness, and the capacity for mutuality in relationships.
These areas are utilized in the DSM-5 alternative model, supplementing the traditional categorical approach to diagnose personality disorders. The focus on levels of personality dysfunction allows for a more nuanced understanding of individual differences in personality disorder manifestations.