Final answer:
The cells in the organ of Corti that undergo rapid depolarization-mediated shortening due to prestin are outer hair cells. These cells play a fundamental role in hearing by converting mechanical movement from sound waves into electrical signals for the brain to interpret.
Step-by-step explanation:
The cells that undergo depolarization dependent rapid shortening in the organ of Corti, with the assistance of the transmembrane protein prestin, are the outer hair cells. These cells are unique auditory receptors that contribute to the fine-tuning of sound by changing length in response to electrical signals, a process known as electromotility. The organ of Corti resides in the cochlea within the inner ear and plays a critical role in the transduction of sound into electrochemical signals that are ultimately interpreted by the brain.
The mechanics of hearing involve the bending of stereocilia on the hair cells, which are mechanoreceptors. When sound waves reach the ear, they cause the basilar membrane to move, leading to a relative motion between the tectorial and basilar membranes. This motion results in the bending of the stereocilia attached to hair cells, either toward or away from the tallest member of each array. The bending opens mechanosensitive ion channels, depolarizing the hair cell and triggering nerve impulses that are then transmitted down the cochlear nerve. The bending towards the shortest member will cause the ion channels to close, stopping the depolarizing signal.
The depolarization of outer hair cells and their capacity to change shape rapidly is essential for the body's ability to interpret different sound frequencies and volumes, contributing to our nuanced perception of sound. Prestin's function is integral in this process, as it facilitates the rapid changes in cell length.