Final answer:
In the Middle Ages, solid waste was primarily handled by being dumped in streets and waterways, resulting in polluted environments and health hazards like the Great Stink of 1858.
Step-by-step explanation:
The primary method of handling solid waste in the Middle Ages was dumped in streets and waterways. During this period, waste management systems were primitive and there was little understanding of sanitation or public health. Waste, including household refuse and human waste from backyard latrines, was frequently tossed into the streets or nearby rivers, leading to polluted environments. The infamous Great Stink of 1858 in London is an example of the consequences of such practices, where the Thames River became heavily contaminated.
This period lacked the advanced waste disposal methods we have today, such as landfills and incineration, which came into play much later as societies developed more sophisticated ways to deal with the growing issue of waste. It was not until the latter part of the 19th century and early 20th century that the waste collection and systematic disposal became more organized, leading to modern waste management practices.