Final answer:
Paralanguage is the aspect of communication that includes non-verbal elements like tone and pitch, which, along with kinesics or body language, contributes to conveying emotions and meanings beyond words.
Therefore the correct answer is option a. the sounds we make without forming words
Step-by-step explanation:
Paralanguage refers to the non-verbal elements of communication used to modify meaning and convey emotion, which includes voiced cultural considerations like tone, pitch, rhythm, loudness, and intonation. It is an essential aspect of language that provides additional context beyond the actual words spoken. Kinesics, which is the interpretation of body language such as gestures, postures, and facial expressions, is closely related to paralanguage and is similarly interpreted differently across various cultures.
Paralanguage effectively works alongside the words we use to communicate a fuller message than words alone could convey, and can include sounds and noises that are part of our everyday speech, collective activities, such as chants or songs, and even the subconscious signals we send through our body language.