Final answer:
The incorrect statements regarding process specifications are that they are not used for validating data dictionaries and are created for processes for which prewritten code already exists.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question refers to process specifications in the context of system design and engineering. Among the options provided regarding process specifications, the statements that do not accurately describe their use or purpose are:
- c. they are not used for validating data dictionaries
- e. created for processes for which prewritten code already exists
Process specifications are critical for reducing ambiguity in system requirements and are typically created for primitive processes. They are indeed used to validate system design by providing a precise description of process behaviors and expectations—this helps ensure that the design aligns with the required functionality and can handle all necessary transactions. However, process specifications are not generally created for prewritten code because the code should already meet specific standards or functions. Additionally, validating data dictionaries is a separate activity that involves checking data elements for accuracy and completeness against the real-world entities they are supposed to represent.