Final answer:
Biotechnology relies on methods like gene cloning and PCR to manipulate genetic material for uses in medicine and agriculture, while also raising important ethical and environmental concerns.
Step-by-step explanation:
Biotechnology utilizes various techniques to modify and utilize living systems for the benefit of humans. Two vital techniques employed widely in this field are gene cloning and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Gene cloning involves the process of isolating and replicating specific DNA segments, enabling the mass production of a desired gene. This technique is foundational for producing consistent biological materials, like therapeutic proteins. On the other hand, PCR is a revolutionary method that amplifies tiny segments of DNA into millions of copies. It is essential for genetic fingerprinting, diagnosis of diseases, and forensic analysis.
Furthermore, biotechnology boasts applications in numerous fields, including the creation of transgenic crops with enhanced yields or pest resistance and the production of human proteins like insulin in bacteria. However, the rise of biotechnology has also sparked ethical, environmental, and privacy concerns, necessitating careful consideration of its use.