Final answer:
Cognitive development evolves from understanding simple object permanence at 10 months to being able to sort objects and understand abstract concepts like time at 5 years old. Children move from natural to artificial concepts and develop complex schemata that allow for advanced problem-solving and planning.
Step-by-step explanation:
The cognitive development between a 10-month-old and a 5-year-old showcases significant advancements in the organization and formation of concepts. At the age of 10 months, babies begin to understand object permanence and can associate simple words with objects, but their concept formation is rudimentary. By contrast, by the age of 5, children have markedly expanded vocabularies and the ability to categorize and sort objects based on multiple attributes, like color and shape.
Different types of concept organization emerged during these formative years. Initially, infants develop natural concepts, formed through direct experiences with the environment, such as recognizing a 'ball' or 'mama.' As children grow, these concepts become more complex and abstract. Five-year-olds have begun developing artificial concepts with the help of language and education, understanding categories that require a level of abstraction, such as numbers and time.
The conceptual schema also matures. At 10 months, schemata, which are mental models for interpreting the world, are based heavily on sensorimotor experiences. However, as the child reaches 5 years of age, their schemata have grown to accommodate more sophisticated information, including the logical and mathematical constructs necessary for problem-solving and planning. This increase in cognitive abilities includes understanding past, present, and future, contributing to their ability to plan and work toward goals.