Final answer:
Drug tests for employment are considered medical tests because they assess the presence of drugs in the body. Racial discrimination in college admission tests is evaluated under strict scrutiny, whereas discrimination based on gender would be evaluated under a rational basis test.
Step-by-step explanation:
Drug tests as an employment-related test would be considered to be a C. medical test. In the context of employment, drug testing is done to ensure that employees are not under the influence of substances that could impair their ability to perform their job duties safely and effectively. Unlike integrity tests or psychological tests, drug tests physically examine the presence of drugs or their metabolites in the body, categorizing them as a form of medical examination. This type of testing has direct implications on the health and safety in the workplace and is often mandated for positions that require high levels of safety and responsibility, such as in transportation or law enforcement fields.
Addressing your hypothetical scenarios, if a group of African American students believes a college admissions test used by a public university discriminates against them, the courts would likely use the C. strict scrutiny legal standard in deciding their case. This is due to the involvement of race, which is a protected characteristic under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Strict scrutiny is the highest standard of review a court will apply when assessing racial discrimination claims.