Final answer:
China adapted Marxist theory primarily by Mao Zedong's reinterpretation for the agricultural country, which involved the peasantry leading a revolution against landlords for land reform. A second adaptation under Xi Jinping's leadership involves combining market freedoms with strong party control, evolving China's communist practices.
Step-by-step explanation:
Adaptation of Marxist Theory in China
China has adapted Marxist theory to its unique conditions in several ways. Mao Zedong's interpretation, known as Maoism, diverged from traditional Marxism by contending that in China, it was the peasantry, rather than the industrial proletariat, that would lead the communist revolution. Mao believed this vast body of agricultural workers could overthrow the landlords who controlled the land, thus aligning with the peasants' interest in land reform. This redefinition of the proletariat allowed for a broader base of support for the Communist Party.
Furthermore, China's journey towards a unique form of communism included strategic efforts to modernize. While Stalin cautiously supported China's early communist movements, it was under Xi Jinping that the application of Marxist principles continued to evolve. Xi emphasized the necessity of strong party control while integrating market freedoms, a concept alien to orthodox Marxism. This adaptation of Marxist economic policies, albeit under strict state control, has been a key feature of contemporary China's communism.