Final answer:
In most hunter-gatherer societies, leadership was determined spontaneously based on prowess and personality. However, in more complex societies, leadership could be gained through a variety of methods like open elections, force, or invitation. The options presented in the question align more closely with methods observed in chiefdoms. D. leaving Ralph's group and inviting the others to join him
Step-by-step explanation:
In most hunter-gatherer societies, leadership was determined spontaneously based on prowess and personality. There was no rigid hierarchical structure, and different individuals could be leaders depending on the specific activity. However, in more complex societies such as chiefdoms, leadership positions were often filled through a variety of methods, including open elections, force, and invitation.
An example of a more democratic approach to leadership can be seen in Rousseau's theory, where leaders are elected by the majority and can be replaced if necessary. On the other hand, leaders in chiefdoms like the Hawaiian Islands gained control of community wealth and used it for distribution and prestige, establishing a hierarchical system with tribute flowing up to elites.
Therefore, the options presented in the question of Jack becoming leader of his tribe align more closely with the methods observed in chiefdoms, specifically leaving Ralph's group and inviting others to join him.