Final answer:
The question pertains to symptoms of kidney dysfunction, focusing on reduced GFR, polyuria, metabolic acidosis, and proteinuria. These terms describe the impaired function of the kidneys, which can lead to a variety of systemic complications, especially affecting the body's fluid and acid-base balance.
Step-by-step explanation:
The terms reduced GFR (glomerular filtration rate), polyuria, metabolic acidosis, and proteinuria are associated with kidney function and disease. Reduced GFR indicates a decrease in kidney filtering capability, often due to conditions such as chronic kidney disease or acute kidney injury. Polyuria, the production of abnormally large volumes of dilute urine, can be a symptom of various conditions, including diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus, where the urine production may exceed 2.5 L/day. Proteinuria, the presence of excess proteins in the urine, typically signifies damage to the glomeruli, the filtering units of the kidney. Metabolic acidosis, an acid-base disorder characterized by a decrease in plasma pH, can result from reduced kidney function leading to an inability to excrete acids and maintain the body's acid-base balance.
Conditions like advanced glomerulonephritis can lead to significant retention of sulfate and other waste products, causing metabolic acidosis. This acidosis can affect various metabolic processes and, in the context of kidney malfunction, can occur alongside abnormal fluid levels, deranged electrolyte levels, and anemia.