Final answer:
Synergistic control of gene expression involves multiple genes working together to control complex biological processes efficiently, which is crucial for proper organism development and cell function. Translation and post-translational controls are later stages of gene regulation that govern the synthesis and modification of proteins, respectively.
Step-by-step explanation:
The concept of synergistic control of gene expression refers to the process where multiple genes cooperate to produce a combined effect that is greater than the sum of their separate effects. This synergistic interaction ensures that genes are expressed at the right times and in the right sequence, contributing to the proper functioning and development of the organism. For example, during organ development, several genes may be activated in sequence, each adding depth and detail to the final organ. Some genes function simultaneously, which is necessary for specific phenotypic outcomes, establishing a synergy that allows for complex biological processes to occur efficiently.
Translational and post-translational control of gene expression are two later stages of gene regulation. Translational control refers to regulation of the frequency and pace at which proteins are synthesized from mRNA, whereas post-translational control relates to modifications of proteins after they have been synthesized, such as phosphorylation or ubiquitination, dictating the protein's function, location, or lifespan within the cell. These levels of control are essential as they allow the cell to respond rapidly to changes without the need for new mRNA synthesis, contributing to the intricate regulatory mechanisms that sustain cellular function and overall health.