Final answer:
Intervertebral discs and ligaments are the structures that serve as shock absorbers and add flexibility to the vertebral column.
Step-by-step explanation:
The structures that act as shock absorbers between adjacent vertebrae and add flexibility to the vertebral column are the intervertebral discs. These discs are fibrocartilaginous pads that fill the gap between adjacent vertebral bodies. Comprised of a fibrous outer layer called the anulus fibrosus and a gel-like center named the nucleus pulposus, intervertebral discs provide padding that allows for movement and absorbs shocks from daily activities such as walking and running. Additionally, ligaments that run the length of the vertebral column contribute to the spine's support and stability, resisting excessive movements.