Final answer:
The Judiciary Act of 1789 established the U.S. federal judiciary, including the Supreme Court, and outlined the court system's jurisdiction, effectively strengthening the national government and setting the stage for judicial review with landmark cases like Marbury v. Madison.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Judiciary Act of 1789 was the first major legislative act of Congress under the new Constitution, establishing the federal judiciary of the United States. This Act set up a Supreme Court with six justices and outlined the jurisdiction of the federal court system, including the creation of lower district courts and circuit courts of appeal. It also laid out procedures whereby an appeal could be made from state courts to the federal court system, thereby strengthening the national government and ensuring the supremacy of federal law. Notably, the Act also included provisions that allowed the Supreme Court to issue writs of mandamus, which was later challenged and resulted in the cornerstone Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison, establishing the principle of judicial review.
The Act successfully integrated judicial implementation, setting a precedent for the relationship between state and federal laws, and judicial restraint, by limiting the judiciary to the constraints of the Constitution.
Through its long-standing impact, the Judiciary Act of 1789 has contributed to the solid foundation of the U.S. judicial system as it operates today, maintaining its core form over centuries and upholding the balance of power within the nation's federal structure.