Final answer:
Deviance and crime are studied within sociology, with theories varying from social disorganization and conflict theory to Durkheim's functionalism. These theories offer different explanations for crime, influenced by factors like social environment, economic inequality, and the assertion of societal norms.
Step-by-step explanation:
Social Theories on Crime and Deviance
Deviance and crime are central concepts in the study of sociology, each describing behaviors that violate societal norms and laws, respectively. Various sociological theories attempt to explain the causes and functions of deviance and crime. Social disorganization theory posits that crime stems from factors such as poverty and family disruption, which lead to social disorganization and subsequently higher rates of crime and delinquency. Conflict theory, influenced by Karl Marx's ideas, attributes crime to social and economic inequalities and sees crime as a consequence of the struggle between different social classes. On the other hand, Durkheim's view suggests that crime and deviance play necessary roles within society, reinforcing societal norms and contributing to social cohesion. Critics of these views, such as proponents of hard determinism, argue that the concept of free will is outdated, and that criminal behavior is a product of brain conditioning and can be modified through reprogramming.
Approaches to understanding and addressing crime and deviance are critical for public policy and can lead to practical interventions. For example, preschool programs that foster social skills can reduce the likelihood of future criminal activity among children in disadvantaged communities. However, theories vary on their perspectives regarding issues like the functionality of deviance, the sociopolitical dimensions of crime, and the implications of legal reforms such as the increasing acceptance of same-sex marriage.