Final answer:
The Third Crusade was led by monarchs Richard I of England, Frederick I Barbarossa of the Holy Roman Empire, and King Philip II of France against the Muslim forces led by Saladin. Despite initial successes, internal conflicts among the crusaders prevented the recapture of Jerusalem, leading to a negotiated treaty that allowed pilgrimages.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Third Crusade (1189-1192) was led by three monarchs: Richard I of England, commonly known as Richard the Lionheart, Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa of the Holy Roman Empire, and King Philip II of France. These rulers were motivated to retake Jerusalem and support the Outremer states after the Muslim forces, led by Saladin, recaptured Jerusalem in 1187 following the Battle of Hattin. Despite their efforts and capturing some territories like Cyprus and the coast of the Holy Land, the internal divisions and lack of resources prevented them from retaking Jerusalem. Ultimately, Richard I negotiated a treaty with Saladin, allowing Christians to make pilgrimages to Jerusalem while it remained under Muslim control.