Final answer:
Gene doping refers to the genomic manipulation banned in sports, which involves altering genes to enhance athletic performance. Blood doping, the practice of increasing RBCs to carry more oxygen, is also banned due to significant health risks. Synthetic hormones that build muscle or improve endurance are prohibited to ensure fair competition.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question asks about gene doping, a form of genomic manipulation, which was banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) in 2003. Gene doping is the use of gene therapy techniques to improve athletic performance by artificially enhancing the genes responsible for muscle growth or endurance. The prohibition of gene doping is due to various ethical concerns, health risks, and the principle of fair play in sports.
Blood doping is a related concept where athletes increase the number of red blood cells (RBCs) in their bloodstream, which can enhance performance by delivering more oxygen to the muscles. This practice is also banned in sports because it poses significant health risks, such as increased blood viscosity, risk of infection, and potential for transmitting blood-borne pathogens.
The use of synthetic hormones is often banned in professional sports due to their potential to build more muscle, improve endurance, and the fact that they can create an unfair advantage for users over non-users, violating the spirit of sport.