Final answer:
Hormones like insulin, glucagon, cortisol, and thyroxine can directly or indirectly elevate blood glucose levels.
Step-by-step explanation:
Hormones that act directly or indirectly to elevate blood glucose include:
- Insulin: Insulin is secreted by the pancreas in response to elevated blood glucose levels to remove glucose from the blood.
- Glucagon: Glucagon is produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas and acts to increase blood glucose levels by promoting the breakdown of glycogen into glucose in the liver.
- Cortisol: Cortisol is a glucocorticoid hormone released by the adrenal glands. It stimulates the synthesis of glucose and gluconeogenesis by liver cells, increasing blood glucose levels.
- Thyroxine: Thyroxine is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland. While it doesn't directly elevate blood glucose levels, it can indirectly affect glucose metabolism and utilization.