Final answer:
d) Lack of hereditary influence
The absence of a relationship between the political preferences of fathers and sons suggests a lack of hereditary influence, pointing to a generation's political independence when forming their own political opinions.
Step-by-step explanation:
The claim that there is no relationship between the political preferences of fathers and sons implies that there is a lack of hereditary influence in the political beliefs and behaviors between generations. This suggests that each generation has political independence in forming their political opinions, rather than inheriting or replicating the political views of their parents. While family dynamics may influence political socialization, the lack of a direct correlation between the political preferences of fathers and sons indicates that other factors such as peers, media, and personal experiences may have a more significant role in shaping one's political orientation.