Final answer:
Peripheral proteins are associated with the lipid bilayer through electrostatic interactions (ionic bonds) and hydrogen bonds, both of which are critical for maintaining the structure and function of proteins.
Step-by-step explanation:
Peripheral proteins are associated with membranes in various ways. Two key methods of attachment involve ionic bonding and hydrogen bonding.
Ionic bonding in peripheral proteins results from electrostatic attractions between positively and negatively charged side chains of amino acids. An example includes the attraction between aspartic acid carboxylate ion and lysine ammonium ion, which helps to maintain the protein's structure.
Hydrogen bonding occurs between electronegative atoms like oxygen or nitrogen and a hydrogen atom that is attached to another electronegative atom. These bonds are crucial for both intra- and intermolecular interactions in proteins.
Therefore, the correct answer is that peripheral proteins can be bound via electrostatic interactions (ionic bonds) and hydrogen bonds.