Final answer:
The VPN Gateway is the component used to send encrypted traffic between an Azure virtual network and an on-premises location over the internet, unlike the Public and Internal Load Balancers which distribute network traffic but do not create secure connections.
Step-by-step explanation:
The component that sends encrypted traffic between an Azure virtual network and an on-premises location over the public Internet is the VPN Gateway. A VPN Gateway is a specific type of virtual network gateway that is used to send encrypted traffic between an Azure Virtual Network (VNet) and an external network such as an on-premises network. It is designed to provide a secure connection over the internet by encrypting the data sent and received.
The Public Load Balancer and the Internal Load Balancer are used to distribute traffic among different virtual machines in a network but are not specifically used for creating secure encrypted connections over the internet to an on-premises network.