Final answer:
Outcome-centered morality, like utilitarianism, focuses on the consequences of one's actions, aiming at the greatest happiness for the greatest number; whereas action-centered morality, such as deontological ethics, emphasizes the intentions and adherence to moral duties regardless of outcomes.
Step-by-step explanation:
The difference between an "outcome-centered" morality and an "action-centered" morality is essentially about where the moral focus lies—in the results of an action or the action itself. Option (b) correctly states that outcome-centered morality focuses on consequences, while action-centered morality focuses on intentions.
For instance, utilitarianism is a form of outcome-centered morality because it assesses the morality of an action based on its ability to produce the greatest happiness for the greatest number. An example of this would be deciding to vaccinate a population, despite potential side effects, to ensure herd immunity and overall health benefits for the community.
In contrast, deontological ethics exemplifies action-centered morality, emphasizing adherence to moral rules regardless of outcomes. For example, a deontologist may argue that it is always wrong to lie, even if lying would yield better overall results, because truth-telling is a moral duty.-