Final answer:
In expectancy theory, the components of effort-to-performance expectancy, performance-to-outcome instrumentality, and sum of the outcome valences must all be positive for an individual to be motivated.
Step-by-step explanation:
According to the basic expectancy theory framework, in order for a person to be motivated to act in a certain way, the effort-to-performance expectancy, performance-to-outcome instrumentality, and sum of the outcome valences need to be positive. This theory is focused on three relationships: effort-performance relationship (expectancy), performance-reward relationship (instrumentality), and rewards-personal goals relationship (valence). Each component must be positively aligned for an individual to be motivated in their actions.
For example, an individual must believe that the effort they exert will result in desired performance (expectancy), that good performance will lead to certain outcomes (instrumentality), and that these outcomes will be rewarding (valence).