Final answer:
The correct answer is d) Cognitive dissonance. It refers to the psychological discomfort that arises from a conflict in a person's behaviors, attitudes, or beliefs that runs counter to their positive self-perception. In the given scenario, Oliver knows that shopping online at work is not permitted but still engages in the behavior, causing cognitive dissonance.
Step-by-step explanation:
Cognitive dissonance refers to the psychological discomfort that arises from a conflict in a person's behaviors, attitudes, or beliefs that runs counter to their positive self-perception. In this case, Oliver knows that shopping online at work is not permitted, but he still engages in the behavior, causing a conflict between his knowledge and his actions. This conflict leads to cognitive dissonance.
An example of cognitive dissonance is when a person believes smoking is bad for their health but continues to smoke. The conflict between the belief and the behavior leads to discomfort and may prompt the person to either change their behavior (quit smoking) or change their belief (discount the evidence that smoking is harmful).