Final answer:
The commands by a Conning Officer pertain to the speed and direction of a ship, including full speed, slowing, stopping, and reversing.
Step-by-step explanation:
The orders that a Conning Officer can give are related to the direction and speed of a ship or vessel. The correct answer to the question is a) Full speed ahead, slow ahead, stop, full astern. These commands are relevant to controlling a ship's movement forward and backwards and adjusting the velocity as necessary. Turning and signals, while part of navigation and communication, are not included in the context of the excerpts provided. The text includes references to navigation and handling of a boat or ship, emphasizing instructions given by a captain during challenging conditions at sea.