Final answer:
The pear-shaped fiddle in medieval times was known as the rebec, an instrument that evolved from the Arab rabāb and was a staple in medieval music.
Step-by-step explanation:
The pear-shaped fiddle referred to in medieval times is commonly known as the rebec. This instrument evolved from the Arab rabāb and was likely introduced to Spain by the Moors, and from there spread to the rest of Europe. Early depictions of the rebec appear in European iconography from the 9th century onwards, indicating its prevalence on the continent during the medieval period.
The rebec became a staple of medieval music, played by minstrels and troubadours. It had a prominent role in the secular music of the day and was considered a popular instrument for dance music. Over time, it gave way to the violin and other more modern bowed string instruments.