Final answer:
Post-hoc tests are used to determine which groups differ after finding significant differences between group means, not necessarily when testing a specific hypothesis (False). The term closest in meaning to 'hypothesis' is 'suggestion.' One should not conflate scientific laws with theories and should acknowledge that data not supporting a hypothesis is still useful.
Step-by-step explanation:
Post-hoc tests are not necessarily used when there is a specific hypothesis to be tested. Rather, they are employed after an ANOVA test when you have found significant differences between group means, to determine exactly which groups differ from one another. Thus, the answer to the first question is b. False.
Regarding the meaning of hypothesis, the word that is closest in meaning is d. suggestion. A hypothesis is an educated guess or proposition that is yet to be tested.
When performing a hypothesis test on matched or paired samples, it is true that two measurements are drawn from the same pair of individuals or objects, and two sample means are compared to each other. Hence, the answer is D. Answer choices b and c are both true.
The notion that when a theory has been known for a long time it becomes a law is b. False. Laws and theories are different kinds of scientific knowledge.
Regarding the utility of data, it is false to say that data that does not support a hypothesis is not useful; such data can provide crucial insights. Moreover, experimentation is not the only valid type of scientific investigation, so that statement is also false.
If we reject the null hypothesis, we have enough evidence to support the alternative hypothesis, keeping in mind that hypothesis testing is based on probability, and claims are not proven absolutely true or false.
In relation to which statement is correct about the hypothesis, the answer is a. The hypothesis must be validated by scientific experiments.
If the alpha level (a) is 0.05 and the p-value is 0.0014, the conclusion would be that there is sufficient evidence to conclude that the blood pressure decreased after the training, assuming the alternative hypothesis was about a decrease.