Final answer:
Phenols and Halogens are disinfectants that exert their action through deactivation of energy-producing enzymes, denaturation of essential cell proteins, and disruption of the cell membranes.
Step-by-step explanation:
Disinfectants play a crucial role in preventing the spread of infections by targeting microorganisms. Phenols, represented by option C, exert their antimicrobial action by denaturing essential cell proteins, disrupting cell membranes, and deactivating energy-producing enzymes. Similarly, halogens, as in option D, encompass elements like iodine and chlorine, which contribute to disinfection by denaturing proteins and interfering with cell membranes. The dual mechanism of action exhibited by both phenols and halogens makes them effective in neutralizing microbial threats. By disrupting cellular components and inhibiting vital enzymes, these disinfectants ensure a comprehensive approach to microbial control, ultimately safeguarding against the spread of infectious agents.