Question

How does reward dominance theory account for the biological bases of crime?

Answer 1

Reward dominance theory explores the biological basis for crime, focusing on genetic influences like neurotransmitter gene variations that may increase aggression. Sociological factors such as income inequality and social disorganization also significantly influence crime rates, while environmental factors play a crucial role alongside biological predispositions.

Step-by-step explanation:

Reward dominance theory considers the biological underpinnings of criminal behavior, suggesting that individuals with certain biological traits may have different responses to reward stimuli, potentially leading to criminal activity. This theory connects the influence of genetically influenced neurotransmission, like that involving the gene MAOA, on the proclivity for aggression and hence criminal behavior. Research discussed in the referenced literature highlighted that those with a variant form of the MAOA gene, particularly men due to having just one X chromosome, might be more inclined to engage in violent crimes.

Furthermore, several sociological factors such as income inequality, lack of opportunity, and social disorganization contribute to the variability in crime rates across different geographies. Social disorganization theory, in particular, posits that community attributes can significantly influence criminal tendencies, with evidence cited showing that more crime is seen in areas with specific demographic and economic characteristics.

Lastly, the theory acknowledges the potential for individuals to exhibit aggressive behaviors based on biological predispositions, yet emphasizes the substantial role that environmental factors play in determining whether such tendencies manifest as criminal actions.

Answer 2

Reward Dominance Theory attributes biological bases of crime to impulsive reward-seeking behavior influenced by biological factors, such as neurotransmitter variations and genetics (e.g., the MAOA gene). However, environmental factors like income inequality and poverty also play significant roles, as highlighted in the Social Disorganization Theory, which suggests that certain neighborhood conditions may encourage criminal behavior.

Step-by-step explanation:

Reward Dominance Theory accounts for the biological bases of crime by suggesting that some individuals are predisposed to seeking immediate gratification or rewards, even when such actions involve criminal behavior. This theory can be linked to biological factors, such as variations in the brain neurotransmitters and hormonal imbalances, which may increase the tendency towards impulsive or aggressive actions. Furthermore, genetic components, such as the MAOA gene, have been associated with increased rates of violent crime, particularly in environments that also contribute to such behaviors.

Environmental factors, such as income inequality, poverty, poor schooling, and neighborhood instability, are also critical in understanding the propensity for crime. These factors can exacerbate the underlying biological predispositions, creating conditions that are more conducive to criminal behaviors. It's important to note that while biological predispositions may contribute to a higher likelihood of engaging in crime, they are not determinative, and environmental influences often play a more substantial role.

The Social Disorganization Theory also explains crime by highlighting the effect of neighborhood conditions on individuals' behavior. Places with high levels of impoverishment are believed to create an environment where crime is more likely to occur, according to this theory.