Final answer:
Among the given options, Momentum Trading is the trading strategy that violates the strong Efficient Market Hypothesis because it is based on the premise that past stock price trends can predict future price actions to achieve higher returns.
Step-by-step explanation:
The student is asking about which trading strategy violates the strong Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH). The strong form of EMH states that all information, public and private, is completely reflected in a stock's current price, meaning that no individual can achieve consistently higher returns than the market average by exploiting any information. Passive Investing, Indexing, and Buy and Hold are strategies based on the belief that it is hard to outperform the market on a consistent basis, and they are in line with the strong EMH. On the other hand, Momentum Trading operates on the assumption that stock prices that are rising will continue to rise, and those that are falling will continue to fall, in the short to medium term. This goes against the strong EMH because it suggests that traders can generate abnormal returns based on past price trends, which should not be possible if all information is already reflected in stock prices. Therefore, among the provided options, Momentum Trading is the strategy that violates the strong EMH.