Final answer:
A follower of the philosopher Diogenes was called a Cynic, alluding to their doglike, nature-oriented, and socially defiant lifestyle. The Cynics mocked social and political norms, while Stoics, who originally had ties to Cynicism, embraced a life of rational acceptance of fate as part of the cosmic order.
Step-by-step explanation:
A follower of the philosopher Diogenes was called a Cynic, from the Greek for "doglike." In the context of Greek philosophy, Cynics adhered to beliefs that included a scorn for social conventions, advocating a naturalistic way of life aligned with nature. The Cynics practiced asceticism and were known for their mocking attitude towards authority and societal norms. Diogenes, the founder of the Cynic philosophy, engaged in behaviors that deliberately flouted social mores, leading to his followers being termed with the doglike moniker due to their disregard for societal expectations. While Cynics engaged in ridiculing political structures without proposing alternatives, Stoics, who were originally influenced by Cynicism, developed a philosophy of fate and rationality. They believed in participating in politics and social obligations as part of a divine plan and emphasized rational acceptance of life's challenges over emotional responses. The Stoic school of thought valued living in accordance with nature and fulfilling one's role in society modestly and dutifully. The differences between these philosophical schools reflect diverse approaches to life and politics during the Hellenistic period. The Cynics, Stoics, and Epicureans all represent distinct strategies for dealing with the realities of their time, with each group contributing uniquely to the realm of ancient philosophy. The correct term is d) Cynic. A follower of the philosopher Diogenes, known for his unconventional and ascetic lifestyle, was called a Cynic. The term originates from the Greek word "kynikos," meaning "doglike," reflecting Diogenes' rejection of societal norms and his preference for a simple, unpretentious existence.