Final answer:
The pressure fluctuations seen in systemic arteries are the result of the heart muscle contractions, arterial wall recoils, and resistance in arterioles, so the answer is (d) All of the above.
Step-by-step explanation:
The pressure fluctuations seen in systemic arteries are created by several factors. These include (a) the contraction of the heart muscles during systole, (b) the expansion and recoil of arterial walls as they accommodate the surge of blood and then return to their normal shape, and (c) the resistance to blood flow in the arterioles, which is a part of peripheral resistance. Therefore, the correct answer is (d) All of the above.
During systole, arteries expand to accommodate the increased volume of blood from the heart's contraction. During diastole, the artery walls naturally recoil due to their elasticity, helping to maintain blood pressure and promote blood flow. Arterioles also play a role, as their narrow openings and the properties of peripheral resistance contribute to systemic blood pressure and flow regulation.
In summary, the cyclic expansion and recoil of the arterial walls, coupled with the muscular contractions of the heart and the arterial resistance, work in concert to create the characteristic pressure fluctuations in systemic arteries.