Final answer:
The Mendicant councils are the vows of personal poverty, chastity understood as lifelong celibacy, and obedience to a bishop or to the superior of a religious community.
Step-by-step explanation:
The correct answer is A) Mendicant. The Mendicant councils refer to the vows of personal poverty, chastity understood as lifelong celibacy, and obedience to a bishop or to the superior of a religious community. Mendicant orders, such as the Franciscans and Dominicans, are religious orders that embrace a life of poverty and rely on begging or alms for their sustenance. They were founded in the 13th century as a response to the perceived corruption of the Church at the time.