Final answer:
The correct answer is a) Theorem, which is a proven mathematical statement. In science, a hypothesis is akin to a suggestion and a theory is a well-substantiated explanation of scientific phenomena.
Step-by-step explanation:
The 7-letter word for a formula in mathematics deduced from other propositions is a) Theorem. A theorem is a statement that has been proven based on previously established statements, such as other theorems, and generally accepted statements, such as axioms. It's important to differentiate between similar words used in the context of scientific and mathematical reasoning.
In relation to a similar concept, the word hypothesis is closest in meaning to d) suggestion. A hypothesis is a proposed explanation based on limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation. It precedes in-depth research and experimentation.
When discussing the evolution of scientific understanding, a well-substantiated explanation of an aspect of the natural world, supported by a significant body of evidence, is best described as a a) theory. In scientific terminology, a theory is a rigorously tested and generally accepted explanation for a set of observed phenomena.