Final answer:
Deontology is the ethical theory that aligns with the personal conviction that something is right or wrong in all situations, linked to Kantian ethics and the concept of categorical imperatives.
Step-by-step explanation:
The personal conviction that something is absolutely right or wrong in all situations is best described by deontological ethical theory, which posits that actions are intrinsically right or wrong, independent of their consequences. This is associated with Kantian ethics and is characterized by the concept of categorical imperatives - rules which any rational being should follow because they are norms of rational conduct. Other ethical theories like metaethics, ethical subjectivism, and virtue ethics approach morality in different ways, with variations in emphasis on cognitive aspects of values, individual virtues, or the relativism and subjectivity of moral judgments.