Final answer:
Assigning moral responsibility for computer system failures is difficult due to the complex and collaborative nature of system design and operations. Organizations must adhere to strict codes of ethics and ensure rigorous testing of critical systems to address safety, privacy, and environmental concerns.
Step-by-step explanation:
It is usually difficult to assign moral responsibility for computer system failures to a particular individual because these systems are often the result of complex interactions of many components and the work of multiple individuals. In the context of software development and IT operations, ethical practices are a significant consideration, especially for critical systems that may impact safety, privacy, and the environment. Corporate responsibility, ethical practices in technology, and the institute of various codes of ethics, like that of the IEEE Computer Society, guide the behavior and decision-making processes of professionals within the industry.
Two implications for organizations that create critical systems include the necessity of having comprehensive codes of ethics and the need for thorough testing and validation procedures to ensure system safety and reliability. Issues such as the digital divide, security risks, and technology reliance all underscore the importance of ethical considerations, especially as emerging technologies like artificial intelligence evolve and become more integrated into society.