Final answer:
The bottleneck effect and the founder effect are examples of genetic drift in populations. The bottleneck effect occurs when a large portion of the population is suddenly reduced, leading to a loss of genetic diversity. The founder effect occurs when a small group of individuals migrates and establishes a new population, resulting in reduced genetic diversity.
Step-by-step explanation:
The bottleneck effect and the founder effect are both examples of genetic drift in populations. The bottleneck effect occurs when a large portion of the population is suddenly reduced, such as due to a natural disaster. This can result in a change in allele frequencies of the survivors, leading to a loss of genetic diversity. On the other hand, the founder effect happens when a small group of individuals migrates and establishes a new population, carrying with them a subset of alleles present in the original population. This can lead to a change in allele frequencies in the new population, resulting in reduced genetic diversity.