Final answer:
Homologous bones between the upper and lower limbs include the humerus and femur as the main bones of the arm and thigh, the radius and ulna in the forearm to the tibia and fibula in the lower leg, and the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges in the hands to the tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges in the feet.
Step-by-step explanation:
Homologous Bones in the Upper and Lower Limbs
The upper and lower limbs, although serving different functions, have homologous bone structures, meaning they evolved from the same origin and have a similar arrangement. In the upper limb, the humerus corresponds to the femur in the lower limb. Both serve as the main bone of the arm and thigh, respectively. The radius and ulna of the forearm are homologous to the tibia and fibula of the lower leg. Further, the bones of the wrist (carpals) have their equivalents in the ankle (tarsals), and the bones of the hands (metacarpals and phalanges) correspond to those in the feet (metatarsals and phalanges). These structural similarities exist because, despite their different functions in locomotion and manipulation, the limbs share a common ancestral limb skeleton.