Final answer:
Authorized penetration testing is not a computer crime; it's a legitimate cybersecurity practice, unlike intellectual property theft, industrial espionage, or DDoS attacks, which are illegal activities.
Step-by-step explanation:
Among the options provided, authorized penetration testing does not fall under the category of computer crimes. Computer crimes typically involve illegal activities that are carried out using a computer or network as a tool, target, or both. These include intellectual property theft, where individuals illegally copy or use software, music, videos, or other forms of digital media without permission. Industrial espionage is another form of computer crime and involves accessing a company's computer system without authorization to gather sensitive information for competitive advantage. Denial of Service (DoS) or DDoS attacks aim to make a network or service unavailable to its intended users by overwhelming it with traffic from multiple sources. In contrast, authorized penetration testing is performed by cybersecurity professionals who have been given permission to simulate cyberattacks on a computer system, network, or web application to identify vulnerabilities that need to be fixed to prevent real attacks.