Final answer:
The system referred to as 'presumed consent' assumes individuals are willing to donate organs unless they opt out, while the 'Punish/Reward' system involves offering incentives for organ donation. The moral permissibility of these systems is debated, with arguments for increased donation rates and concerns about autonomy and exploitation.
Step-by-step explanation:
The system referred to as 'presumed consent' for determining how human organs may be procured for the purpose of transplants is based on the idea that individuals are presumed to have consented to organ donation unless they specifically opt out. This means that if someone dies and they have not explicitly expressed their refusal to donate their organs, it is assumed that they are willing to donate. This system aims to increase organ donation rates by making it the default option for individuals.
On the other hand, the 'Punish/Reward' system involves providing incentives for organ donation. This can include financial compensation or other rewards for individuals who choose to donate their organs. The idea behind this system is that by offering incentives, more people may be motivated to donate their organs, which can help alleviate the shortage of available organs for transplantation.
Whether it would be morally permissible to implement these systems is a matter of debate. The presumed consent system has been implemented in some countries, such as Spain, and has been successful in increasing organ donation rates. Supporters argue that it is ethically justifiable because it saves lives and respects the wishes of the majority who are willing to donate, while still allowing individuals to opt out if they choose. However, critics argue that it violates individual autonomy and personal beliefs, as it assumes consent without explicit permission.
Similarly, the Punish/Reward system has its critics and proponents. Supporters argue that it provides a practical solution to the organ shortage problem and encourages altruistic behavior. However, opponents raise concerns about the commodification of organs and the potential for exploitation of vulnerable individuals who may be motivated by financial compensation.