Final answer:
Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) is the enzyme that deamidates glutamine residues in gluten, leading to an enhanced immune response in celiac disease. Glutamate dehydrogenase's function is in amino acid metabolism, converting glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate in the liver mitochondria.
Step-by-step explanation:
The enzyme responsible for deamidating glutamine residues in gluten, particularly in the context of celiac disease, is tissue transglutaminase (tTG). This enzyme modifies gluten peptides by deamidating specific glutamine residues to glutamic acid, which can heighten the immune response in individuals with celiac disease. It is important to note that glutamate dehydrogenase plays a different role in amino acid metabolism by facilitating the oxidative deamination of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate and ammonia, commonly taking place in the liver mitochondria.