Final answer:
Perceived control refers to individuals' beliefs about their ability to influence outcomes, which affects stress reactions and well-being. Self-efficacy and locus of control are key concepts in understanding perceived control, but external factors can challenge the consistency between perceived control and actual behavior. Cognitive dissonance occurs when there is a conflict between beliefs and actions.
Step-by-step explanation:
Perceived Control and Behavior
People's perceived control over their behavior can significantly influence their reactions to stress and their general well-being. However, this perception does not always align with actual behavior. Self-efficacy, for instance, refers to the belief in one's own abilities to achieve goals. High self-efficacy can lead to perseverance and success, while low self-efficacy may lead to avoidance of challenges and a focus on negative outcomes. Julian Rotter's locus of control theory further explains that individuals with an internal locus of control believe they can influence outcomes through their own efforts, whereas those with an external locus of control feel their outcomes are determined by external forces.
For example, someone may have a strong determination and believe they can control their success; however, external factors such as socio-economic constraints can impede their ability to exercise self-control. Moreover, while high self-esteem typically fosters confidence, it may not always translate into control over outcomes in the presence of external limitations. Conversely, a person with low perceived control may conform to group behaviors even when they contradict personal values or beliefs, demonstrating a disparity between perceived control and actual behavior.
Attribution theory contends that how people explain the causes of their behavior—whether as controllable or uncontrollable, stable or unstable, internal or external—influences their actions. Cognitive dissonance arises when there is a conflict between one's beliefs and behaviors, causing discomfort and prompting changes in behavior, attitudes, or cognitions to restore consistency. Factors such as social class can also affect perceived control, with more affluent people often believing they have greater control over their lives and health, which can lead to better health outcomes.