Final answer:
The English Reformation events occurred due to Henry VIII's desire for a male heir and refusal of the Pope to annul his marriage, leading to the establishment of the Church of England and Henry being made its head by the Act of Supremacy and the Irish Supremacy Act.
Step-by-step explanation:
The English Reformation was a period of religious upheaval in England, which primarily involved the creation of the Church of England and the assertion of royal supremacy over the church. This was precipitated by Henry VIII's desire to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, which the pope refused.
Consequently, Henry VIII led a break with the Roman Catholic Church, and through a series of legislative acts, he established the Church of England, with himself at its head. The Act of Supremacy and the Irish Supremacy Act were critical laws passed during this time.
Based on the question, we can associate the events provided (a, b) with their causes (c):
Henry opposes Protestantism and writes a treatise condemning Luther. → The pope honors Henry VIII with the title "Defender of the Faith."
The king, not the pope, would lead the Anglican Church. → Parliament passes the Act of Supremacy, and Parliament passes the Irish Supremacy Act. Henry VIII is declared the supreme head of the church in England and Ireland, respectively.
Thus, the correct matches would be: c → b, which denotes Henry's opposition to Protestantism and subsequently being honored by the Pope, and a → 1 and 2, reflecting the legislative acts of Parliament that established the Church of England and its extension to Ireland.