Final answer:
Higher brain centers typically influence ANS output via the Hypothalamus and Medulla Oblongata, coordinating homeostatic mechanisms and integrating emotional influence on visceral functions.
Step-by-step explanation:
Higher brain centres influence ANS output primarily through two brain regions: the Hypothalamus and the Medulla Oblongata. The hypothalamus acts as the central autonomic structure, coordinating both sympathetic and parasympathetic efferent pathways to regulate the organ systems of the body. Its output travels mainly through the medial forebrain bundle and the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus to affect brainstem and spinal components of the autonomic nervous system.
The hypothalamus has connections with higher emotional centers in the limbic system, such as the amygdala, which enables emotional states to influence visceral responses. The medulla oblongata, part of the brainstem, is crucial for autonomic function, managing essential processes such as heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is b) Hypothalamus and Medulla Oblongata.