Final answer:
In Langston Hughes's poem 'A Negro Speaks of Rivers,' the main speaker is an individual black man option (d) representing the collective wisdom of African and African American histories.
Step-by-step explanation:
The main speaker in Langston Hughes's poem A Negro Speaks of Rivers is an individual black man who embodies the collective experiences and wisdom of African and African American people throughout history.
While Langston Hughes, the poet, can be construed as the literal authorial voice, the speaker within the poem serves as a symbolic representation of a black man's enduring and deep connection to various civilizations and the rivers that have been vital to them.
The poem is a reflection not only of individual experience but also of the collective soul and historical journey of black culture and heritage.
Hughes's work, especially during the time of the Harlem Renaissance, focused on showcasing the experiences, culture, and pride of African Americans. In doing so, his poetry, including A Negro Speaks of Rivers, became a vehicle for speaking against racism and highlighting the dignity and resilience of the African American community.
By mentioning rivers such as the Euphrates, the Congo, the Nile, and the Mississippi, Hughes eloquently weaves together the diverse histories and struggles of black civilizations and their influence on the collective black identity.