Final answer:
The United States, Western Europe, and Japan experienced a financial crisis in the early 2000s that resulted in short-term fiscal policies. Examples of countries with a very short-term orientation due to rapid development are South Korea and Singapore.
Step-by-step explanation:
In the context of short-term orientation, three countries that have displayed such characteristics in recent history are the United States, countries in Western Europe, and Japan. These countries faced a severe financial crisis and recession in the early 2000s, leading them to adopt fiscal policies that were focused on immediate economic stimulation rather than long-term growth. This includes running large budget deficits and creating aggressive expansionary policies. However, these countries were advised to combine lower government spending and higher taxes to balance their focus on both short-term recovery and long-term fiscal health.
Examples of countries with very short-term orientations due to explosive growth and rapid development include South Korea and Singapore. These countries, often labeled as the 'East Asian Tigers', have achieved substantial economic expansion through strategies such as utilizing cheap labor, high-technology adoption, and aggressive export policies.