Final answer:
John Rawls' Theory of Justice helps understand how individuals determine what's fair by proposing two principles of justice: the liberty principle and the difference principle.
Step-by-step explanation:
The theory that helps understand how individuals determine what's fair is John Rawls' Theory of Justice. Rawls proposes two principles of justice: the liberty principle and the difference principle. Rawls's first principle, the 'liberty principle,' asserts that each person has an equal right to the same basic, adequate liberties. The second principle, known as the 'difference principle,' requires that social and economic inequalities should satisfy two conditions: they must be attached to positions open under fair equality of opportunity, and must benefit the least advantaged members of society. These principles intertwine with egalitarianism, which emphasizes equal moral worth and status among individuals. According to Rawls, a just society distributes resources in a way that ensures equal basic liberties for all individuals and benefits the least advantaged members of society. This theory aligns with egalitarianism, which emphasizes equality and the importance of individual rights.